Modulated sources are commonly used to model actuators of control systems. They are the most common and convenient way for converting signal variables to bondgraphic variables, thereby allowing individual blocks of a block diagram, e.g. describing a control system, to be modeled internally using bond graphs.
The power source has free causality.
Potential variables: e: Bondgraphic effort variable f: Bondgraphic flow variable, normalized positive for flows out of the model P0: Power to be generated (modulated input signal)
Equations:
e*f = P0