This package contains electrical components with idealized behaviour:
Name | Description |
---|---|
IdealThyristor | Ideal thyristor |
IdealGTOThyristor | Ideal GTO thyristor |
IdealSwitch | Ideal electrical switch |
IdealCommutingSwitch | Ideal commuting switch |
IdealIntermediateSwitch | Ideal intermediate switch |
ControlledIdealSwitch | Controlled ideal switch |
ControlledIdealCommutingSwitch | Controlled ideal commuting switch |
ControlledIdealIntermediateSwitch | Controlled ideal intermediate switch |
IdealOpAmp | Ideal operational amplifier (norator-nullator pair) |
IdealOpAmp3Pin | Ideal operational amplifier (norator-nullator pair), but 3 pins |
IdealOpAmpLimited | Ideal operational amplifier with limitation |
IdealDiode | Ideal diode |
IdealTransformer | Ideal electrical transformer |
IdealGyrator | Ideal gyrator |
Idle | Idle branch |
Short | Short cut branch |
IdealOpener | Ideal electrical opener |
IdealCloser | Ideal electrical closer |
ControlledIdealOpener | Controlled ideal electrical opener |
ControlledIdealCloser | Controlled ideal electrical closer |
This is an ideal switch which is
open (off), if it is reversed biased (voltage drop less than 0)
closed (on), if it is conducting (current > 0).
This is the behaviour if all parameters are exactly zero.
Note, there are circuits, where this ideal description
with zero resistance and zero cinductance is not possible.
In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened
diode has a small conductance Gon and the closed diode has a low
resistance Roff which is default.
The parameter Vknee which is the forward threshold voltage, allows to displace
the knee point
along the Gon-characteristic until v = Vknee.
Name | Default | Description |
---|---|---|
Roff | 1.E-5 | Forward state-on differential resistance (closed diode resistance) [Ohm] |
Gon | 1.E-5 | Backward state-off conductance (opened diode conductance) [S] |
Vknee | 0 | Forward threshold voltage [V] |
model IdealDiode "Ideal diode" extends Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.OnePort; parameter Modelica.SIunits.Resistance Roff( final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Forward state-on differential resistance (closed diode resistance)"; parameter Modelica.SIunits.Conductance Gon( final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Backward state-off conductance (opened diode conductance)"; parameter Modelica.SIunits.Voltage Vknee( final min=0) = 0 "Forward threshold voltage"; Boolean off(start=true) "Switching state"; protected Real s "Auxiliary variable: if on then current, if opened then voltage"; equation off = s < 0; v = s*(if off then 1 else Roff) + Vknee; i = s*(if off then Gon else 1) + Gon*Vknee; end IdealDiode;
This is the behaviour if all parameters are exactly zero.
Note, there are circuits, where this ideal description
with zero resistance and zero cinductance is not possible.
In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened
thyristor has a small conductance Gon and the closed thyristor has a low
resistance Roff which is default.
The parameter Vknee which is the forward threshold voltage, allows to displace
the knee point
along the Gon-characteristic until v = Vknee.
Name | Default | Description |
---|---|---|
Roff | 1.E-5 | Closed thyristor resistance [Ohm] |
Gon | 1.E-5 | Opened thyristor conductance [S] |
Vknee | 0 | Forward threshold voltage [V] |
model IdealThyristor "Ideal thyristor" extends Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.OnePort; parameter Modelica.SIunits.Resistance Roff( final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Closed thyristor resistance"; parameter Modelica.SIunits.Conductance Gon( final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Opened thyristor conductance"; parameter Modelica.SIunits.Voltage Vknee( final min=0) = 0 "Forward threshold voltage"; Boolean off(start=true) "Switching state"; protected Real s "Auxiliary variable: if on then current, if opened then voltage"; public Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanInPort firePort( final n=1); equation off = s < 0 or pre(off) and not firePort.signal[1]; v = s*(if off then 1 else Roff) + Vknee; i = s*(if off then Gon else 1) + Gon*Vknee; end IdealThyristor;
This is the behaviour if all parameters are exactly zero.
Note, there are circuits, where this ideal description
with zero resistance and zero cinductance is not possible.
In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened
thyristor has a small conductance Gon and the closed thyristor has a low
resistance Roff which is default.
The parameter Vknee which is the forward threshold voltage, allows to displace
the knee point
along the Gon-characteristic until v = Vknee.
Name | Default | Description |
---|---|---|
Roff | 1.E-5 | Closed thyristor resistance [Ohm] |
Gon | 1.E-5 | Opened thyristor conductance [S] |
Vknee | 0 | Forward threshold voltage [V] |
model IdealGTOThyristor "Ideal GTO thyristor" extends Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.OnePort; parameter Modelica.SIunits.Resistance Roff( final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Closed thyristor resistance"; parameter Modelica.SIunits.Conductance Gon( final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Opened thyristor conductance"; parameter Modelica.SIunits.Voltage Vknee( final min=0) = 0 "Forward threshold voltage"; Boolean off(start=true) "Switching state"; protected Real s "Auxiliary variable: if on then current, if opened then voltage"; public Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanInPort firePort( final n=1); equation off = s < 0 or not firePort.signal[1]; v = s*(if off then 1 else Roff) + Vknee; i = s*(if off then Gon else 1) + Gon*Vknee; end IdealGTOThyristor;
Ideal electrical switch. In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a high resistance and the closed switch has a low resistance.
If the actual circuit has an appropriate structure, the limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance of the open switch could be also exactly zero (i.e. the resistance is infinite). Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero/infinity resistances is not possible.
Name | Default | Description |
---|---|---|
Roff | 1.E-5 | Closed switch resistance [Ohm] |
Gon | 1.E-5 | Opened switch conductance [S] |
model IdealSwitch "Ideal electrical switch" extends Interfaces.OnePort; parameter SI.Resistance Roff( final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Closed switch resistance"; parameter SI.Conductance Gon( final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Opened switch conductance"; protected Real s "Auxiliary variable"; Boolean off; public Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanInPort control( final n=1, signal(start={ false})) "true/false opened/closed switch"; equation off = control.signal[1]; v = s*(if off then 1 else Roff); i = s*(if off then Gon else 1); end IdealSwitch;
The commuting switch has a positive pin p and two negative pins n1 and n2. The switching behaviour is controlled by the control signal. If the control signal is true, the pin p is connected with the negative pin n2. Otherwise, the pin p is connected to the negative pin n1.
In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron. The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.
Name | Default | Description |
---|---|---|
Ron | 1.E-5 | Closed switch resistance [Ohm] |
Goff | 1.E-5 | Opened switch conductance [S] |
model IdealCommutingSwitch "Ideal commuting switch" parameter SI.Resistance Ron( final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Closed switch resistance"; parameter SI.Conductance Goff( final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Opened switch conductance"; public Interfaces.PositivePin p; Interfaces.NegativePin n2; Interfaces.NegativePin n1; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanInPort control( final n=1) "true => p--n2 connected, false => p--n1 connected"; protected Real s1; Real s2 "Auxiliary variables"; Boolean off; equation off = control.signal[1]; 0 = p.i + n2.i + n1.i; p.v - n1.v = s1*(if (off) then 1 else Ron); n1.i = -s1*(if (off) then Goff else 1); p.v - n2.v = s2*(if (off) then Ron else 1); n2.i = -s2*(if (off) then 1 else Goff); end IdealCommutingSwitch;
The intermediate switch has four switching contact pins p1, p2, n1, and n2. The switching behaviour is controlled by the control signal. If the control signal is true, the pin p1 is connected to pin n2, and the pin p2 is connected to the pin n2. Otherwise, the pin p1 is connected to n1, and p2 is connected to n2.
In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron.
The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.
Name | Default | Description |
---|---|---|
Ron | 1.E-5 | Closed switch resistance [Ohm] |
Goff | 1.E-5 | Opened switch conductance [S] |
model IdealIntermediateSwitch "Ideal intermediate switch" parameter SI.Resistance Ron( final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Closed switch resistance"; parameter SI.Conductance Goff( final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Opened switch conductance"; public Interfaces.PositivePin p1; Interfaces.PositivePin p2; Interfaces.NegativePin n1; Interfaces.NegativePin n2; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanInPort control( final n=1) "true => p1--n2, p2--n1 connected, otherwise p1--n1, p2--n2 connected"; protected Real s1; Real s2; Real s3; Real s4 "Auxiliary variables"; Boolean off; equation off = control.signal[1]; p1.v - n1.v = s1*(if (off) then 1 else Ron); p2.v - n2.v = s2*(if (off) then 1 else Ron); p1.v - n2.v = s3*(if (off) then Ron else 1); p2.v - n1.v = s4*(if (off) then Ron else 1); p1.i = if (off) then s1*Goff + s3 else s1 + s3*Goff; p2.i = if (off) then s2*Goff + s4 else s2 + s4*Goff; n1.i = if (off) then -s1*Goff - s4 else -s1 - s4*Goff; n2.i = if (off) then -s2*Goff - s3 else -s2 - s3*Goff; end IdealIntermediateSwitch;
The ideal switch is a three-pole. If the third pin voltage exceeds the given parameter Voltage, the pins p and n are open (no current flowing, any voltage possible). Otherwise, p and n are short cut.
Name | Default | Description |
---|---|---|
level | 0.5 | Switch level [V] |
Roff | 1.E-5 | Closed switch resistance [Ohm] |
Gon | 1.E-5 | Opened switch conductance [S] |
model ControlledIdealSwitch "Controlled ideal switch" parameter SI.Voltage level = 0.5 "Switch level"; parameter SI.Resistance Roff( final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Closed switch resistance"; parameter SI.Conductance Gon( final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Opened switch conductance"; protected Real s "Auxiliary variable"; public Interfaces.Pin p "Positive pin"; Interfaces.Pin n "Negative pin"; Interfaces.Pin control "Control pin: control.v > level open, otherwise closed"; equation control.i = 0; 0 = p.i + n.i; p.v - n.v = s*(if (control.v < level) then Roff else 1); n.i = s*(if (control.v < level) then 1 else Gon); end ControlledIdealSwitch;
The commuting switch has a positive pin p and two negative pins n1 and n2. The switching behaviour is controlled by the control pin. If its voltage exceeds the value of the parameter level, the pin p is connected with the negative pin n2. Otherwise, the pin p is connected the negative pin n1.
In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron. The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.
Name | Default | Description |
---|---|---|
level | 0.5 | Switch level [V] |
Ron | 1.E-5 | Closed switch resistance [Ohm] |
Goff | 1.E-5 | Opened switch conductance [S] |
model ControlledIdealCommutingSwitch "Controlled ideal commuting switch" parameter SI.Voltage level = 0.5 "Switch level"; parameter SI.Resistance Ron( final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Closed switch resistance"; parameter SI.Conductance Goff( final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Opened switch conductance"; public Interfaces.PositivePin p; Interfaces.NegativePin n2; Interfaces.NegativePin n1; Interfaces.Pin control "Control pin: if control.v > level p--n2 connected, otherwise p--n1 connected"; protected Real s1; Real s2 "Auxiliary variables"; equation control.i = 0; 0 = p.i + n2.i + n1.i; p.v - n1.v = s1*(if (control.v > level) then 1 else Ron); n1.i = -s1*(if (control.v > level) then Goff else 1); p.v - n2.v = s2*(if (control.v > level) then Ron else 1); n2.i = -s2*(if (control.v > level) then 1 else Goff); end ControlledIdealCommutingSwitch;
The intermediate switch has four switching contact pins p1, p2, n1, and n2. The switching behaviour is controlled by the control pin. If its voltage exceeds the value of the parameter level, the pin p1 is connected to pin n2, and the pin p2 is connected to the pin n2. Otherwise, the pin p1 is connected to n1, and p2 is connected to n2.
In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron.
The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.
Name | Default | Description |
---|---|---|
level | 0.5 | Switch level [V] |
Ron | 1.E-5 | Closed switch resistance [Ohm] |
Goff | 1.E-5 | Opened switch conductance [S] |
model ControlledIdealIntermediateSwitch "Controlled ideal intermediate switch" parameter SI.Voltage level = 0.5 "Switch level"; parameter SI.Resistance Ron( final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Closed switch resistance"; parameter SI.Conductance Goff( final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Opened switch conductance"; public Interfaces.PositivePin p1; Interfaces.PositivePin p2; Interfaces.NegativePin n1; Interfaces.NegativePin n2; Interfaces.Pin control "Control pin: if control.v > level p1--n2, p2--n1 connected, otherwise p1--n1, p2--n2 connected"; protected Real s1; Real s2; Real s3; Real s4 "Auxiliary variables"; equation control.i = 0; p1.v - n1.v = s1*(if (control.v > level) then 1 else Ron); p2.v - n2.v = s2*(if (control.v > level) then 1 else Ron); p1.v - n2.v = s3*(if (control.v > level) then Ron else 1); p2.v - n1.v = s4*(if (control.v > level) then Ron else 1); p1.i = if (control.v > level) then s1*Goff + s3 else s1 + s3*Goff; p2.i = if (control.v > level) then s2*Goff + s4 else s2 + s4*Goff; n1.i = if (control.v > level) then -s1*Goff - s4 else -s1 - s4*Goff; n2.i = if (control.v > level) then -s2*Goff - s3 else -s2 - s3*Goff; end ControlledIdealIntermediateSwitch;
The ideal OpAmp is a two-port. The left port is fixed to v1=0 and i1=0 (nullator). At the right port both any voltage v2 and any current i2 are possible (norator).
model IdealOpAmp "Ideal operational amplifier (norator-nullator pair)" SI.Voltage v1 "Voltage drop over the left port"; SI.Voltage v2 "Voltage drop over the right port"; SI.Current i1 "Current flowing from pos. to neg. pin of the left port"; SI.Current i2 "Current flowing from pos. to neg. pin of the right port"; Interfaces.PositivePin p1 "Positive pin of the left port"; Interfaces.NegativePin n1 "Negative pin of the left port"; Interfaces.PositivePin p2 "Positive pin of the right port"; Interfaces.NegativePin n2 "Negative pin of the right port"; equation v1 = p1.v - n1.v; v2 = p2.v - n2.v; 0 = p1.i + n1.i; 0 = p2.i + n2.i; i1 = p1.i; i2 = p2.i; v1 = 0; i1 = 0; end IdealOpAmp;
The ideal OpAmp with three pins is of exactly the same behaviour as the ideal OpAmp with four pins. Only the negative output pin is left out. Both the input voltage and current are fixed to zero (nullator). At the output pin both any voltage v2 and any current i2 are possible.
model IdealOpAmp3Pin "Ideal operational amplifier (norator-nullator pair), but 3 pins" Interfaces.PositivePin in_p "Positive pin of the input port"; Interfaces.NegativePin in_n "Negative pin of the input port"; Interfaces.PositivePin out "Output pin"; equation in_p.v = in_n.v; in_p.i = 0; in_n.i = 0; end IdealOpAmp3Pin;
The ideal OpAmp with limitation behaves like an ideal OpAmp without limitation, if the output voltage is within the limits (VMin < out.v < VMax). In this case the input voltage vin=in_p.v - in_n.v is zero. If the input voltage is vin < 0, the output voltage is out.v = VMin. If the input voltage is vin > 0, the output voltage is out.v = VMax.
model IdealOpAmpLimited "Ideal operational amplifier with limitation" Interfaces.PositivePin in_p "Positive pin of the input port"; Interfaces.NegativePin in_n "Negative pin of the input port"; Interfaces.PositivePin out "Output pin"; Interfaces.PositivePin VMax "Positive output voltage limitation"; Interfaces.NegativePin VMin "Negative output voltage limitation"; SI.Voltage vin "input voltage"; protected Real s "Auxiliary variable"; equation in_p.i = 0; in_n.i = 0; VMax.i = 0; VMin.i = 0; vin = in_p.v - in_n.v; in_p.v - in_n.v = if (s < -1) then s + 1 else if (s > 1) then s - 1 else 0; out.v = if (s < -1) then VMin.v else if (s > 1) then VMax.v else (VMax.v - VMin.v)*s/2 + (VMax.v + VMin.v)/2; end IdealOpAmpLimited;
The ideal transformer is an ideal two-port resistive circuit element which is characterized by the following two equations:
v1 = n * v2 i2 = -n * i1
where n is a real number called the turns ratio.
Name | Default | Description |
---|---|---|
n | 1 | Turns ratio |
model IdealTransformer "Ideal electrical transformer" extends Interfaces.TwoPort; parameter Real n=1 "Turns ratio"; equation v1 = n*v2; i2 = -n*i1; end IdealTransformer;
A gyrator is an ideal two-port element defined by the following equations:
i1 = G * v2 i2 = -G * v1
where the constant G is called the gyration conductance.
Name | Default | Description |
---|---|---|
G | 1 | Gyration conductance [S] |
model IdealGyrator "Ideal gyrator" extends Interfaces.TwoPort; parameter SI.Conductance G = 1 "Gyration conductance"; equation i1 = G*v2; i2 = -G*v1; end IdealGyrator;
The model Idle is a simple idle running branch.
model Idle "Idle branch" extends Interfaces.OnePort; equation i = 0; end Idle;
The model Short is a simple short cut branch.
model Short "Short cut branch" extends Interfaces.OnePort; equation v = 0; end Short;
The ideal opener has a positive pin p and a negative pin n. The switching behaviour is controlled by the control signal. If the control signal is true, pin p is not connected with negative pin n. Otherwise, pin p is connected with negative pin n.
In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron. The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.
Name | Default | Description |
---|---|---|
Ron | 1.E-5 | Closed switch resistance [Ohm] |
Goff | 1.E-5 | Opened switch conductance [S] |
model IdealOpener "Ideal electrical opener" extends Interfaces.OnePort; parameter SI.Resistance Ron( final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Closed switch resistance"; parameter SI.Conductance Goff( final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Opened switch conductance"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanInPort control( final n=1) "true => switch open, false => p--n connected"; protected Real s "Auxiliary variable"; Boolean off; equation off = control.signal[1]; v = s*(if off then 1 else Ron); i = s*(if off then Goff else 1); end IdealOpener;
The ideal opener has a positive pin p and a negative pin n. The switching behaviour is controlled by the control signal. If the control signal is true, pin p is not connected with negative pin n. Otherwise, pin p is connected with negative pin n.
In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron. The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.
Name | Default | Description |
---|---|---|
Ron | 1.E-5 | Closed switch resistance [Ohm] |
Goff | 1.E-5 | Opened switch conductance [S] |
model IdealCloser "Ideal electrical closer" extends Interfaces.OnePort; parameter SI.Resistance Ron( final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Closed switch resistance"; parameter SI.Conductance Goff( final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Opened switch conductance"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanInPort control( final n=1) "true => switch open, false => p--n connected"; protected Real s "Auxiliary variable"; Boolean on; equation on = control.signal[1]; v = s*(if not on then 1 else Ron); i = s*(if not on then Goff else 1); end IdealCloser;
The ideal switch has a positive pin p and a negative pin n. The switching behaviour is controlled by the control pin. If its voltage exceeds the voltage of the parameter level, pin p is not connected with negative pin n. Otherwise, pin p is connected with negative pin n.
In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron. The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.
Name | Default | Description |
---|---|---|
level | 0.5 | Switch level [V] |
Ron | 1.E-5 | Closed switch resistance [Ohm] |
Goff | 1.E-5 | Opened switch conductance [S] |
model ControlledIdealOpener "Controlled ideal electrical opener" parameter SI.Voltage level = 0.5 "Switch level"; parameter SI.Resistance Ron( final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Closed switch resistance"; parameter SI.Conductance Goff( final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Opened switch conductance"; protected Real s "Auxiliary variable"; public Interfaces.PositivePin p; Interfaces.NegativePin n; Interfaces.Pin control "Control pin: control.v > level switch open, otherwise p--n connected"; equation control.i = 0; 0 = p.i + n.i; p.v - n.v = s*(if (control.v > level) then 1 else Ron); p.i = s*(if (control.v > level) then Goff else 1); end ControlledIdealOpener;
The ideal switch has a positive pin p and a negative pin n. The switching behaviour is controlled by the control pin. If its voltage exceeds the voltage of the parameter level, pin p is not connected with negative pin n. Otherwise, pin p is connected with negative pin n.
In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron. The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.
Name | Default | Description |
---|---|---|
level | 0.5 | Switch level [V] |
Ron | 1.E-5 | Closed switch resistance [Ohm] |
Goff | 1.E-5 | Opened switch conductance [S] |
model ControlledIdealCloser "Controlled ideal electrical closer" parameter SI.Voltage level = 0.5 "Switch level"; parameter SI.Resistance Ron( final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Closed switch resistance"; parameter SI.Conductance Goff( final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Opened switch conductance"; protected Real s "Auxiliary variable"; public Interfaces.PositivePin p; Interfaces.NegativePin n; Interfaces.Pin control "Control pin: control.v > level switch open, otherwise p--n connected"; equation control.i = 0; 0 = p.i + n.i; p.v - n.v = s*(if (control.v > level) then Ron else 1); p.i = s*(if (control.v > level) then 1 else Goff); end ControlledIdealCloser;