This is a model for a district heating substation storage tank with an internal heat exchanger and an electric booster heater. Its main components are the storage tank with internal heat exchanger and an electric booster heater, a flow regulating valve/pump, an expansion vessel, a controller that maintains the temperature in the selected tank layer by setting the position of the flow regulating valve/pump to open or closed and a controller that activates the electric booster heater in case the temperature of the standby volume in the tank is too low.
A mismatch between the setpoint and the actual value of the secondary supply temperature can have different reasons: